Introduction
The Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland, which began in 1169, stands as one of the most significant events in Irish history. Marking the start of centuries of English involvement and eventual domination over Ireland, the invasion profoundly shaped the political, social, and cultural landscape of the island. As we reflect on the 850 years since this pivotal moment, it is essential to explore the causes, course, consequences, and legacy of the Anglo-Norman arrival in Ireland.
Background: Ireland before the Invasion
Before the arrival of the Anglo-Normans, Ireland was a patchwork of kingdoms and territories ruled by Gaelic chieftains and kings. The island was fragmented politically, with frequent conflicts between rival clans and dynasties. The High King of Ireland held a symbolic position, but real power varied from region to region.
The Irish political structure was decentralized, based on kinship ties, and followed a Brehon law system distinct from the feudal system that dominated much of Europe. The Church in Ireland also maintained considerable independence, with its own traditions and monastic centers. shutdown123